Evaluation Speech Self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation Speech Self - Essay Example 4. The speaker needs to work on adding variety his speech patterns more, placing emphasis and stress on the important points he wants to convey. He should add variations in tone and volume, and support with the appropriate gestures. 1. Gabrielle tries to make a strong opening also, but comes across as a bit self-conscious and shy, and this is further underscored by her gestures which are rather frequent and nervous. The beginning is not effective in capturing the audience’s attention. 2. The speech is poorly organized. Her topics are not well-structured. She tended to repeat some things, such as the fact that she wants to help people. She also tended to jump from one point to the next and back again, as in alternating between events in her life (her course, what she wants to take up) interspersed with comments about her personal inclinations, then back again. The topics are not quite ordered in a logical sequence. There don’t appear to be three main points in her speech, but if there are three main points, they would be her aspiration about what she wants to do, her independence from her parents’ decisions, and the fact that she is aspiring to be a doctor in order to fulfil her desire to help others. The topics are not well delineated, however, as she tends to move among them alternatively. 3. The speaker is more animated in her tone, pitch, volume, and so forth, and tries to relate to her audience by maintaining eye contact with them. However, she fails to establish eye contact with the webcam as specified in the instruction. She tries to avoid note card dependence, putting it down at times and trying not to look at it, but then she picks it up again and looks again at it. 4. Gabrielle should not be too nervous, as she conveys this by her seeming desire to be conversational in her approach, and

George Orwell Essay Example for Free

George Orwell Essay A comparison between Dickens hard times Orwells 1984 I am writing about two novels that seem to come across as very different. Orwells novel portraying a nightmarish image of his opinionated future of Britain. Where as Dickens novel creates a vision to represent Victorian education over 150 years ago. Both of these storylines dehumanise and dictate a society, both of very different kinds. Charles Dickens and George Orwells novels differ in the recreation of the society and in the plot of the actual storyline. The innocence of the children and the bleak severity of the head teacher is what dickens focuses on to display his thoughts of Victorian schools. In which Orwell depicts a society where everything is bleak and distraught and dictated by a soulless party, BIG BROTHER. Further more both novels were written at totally different generations, Dickens being the Victorian times and Orwells being the mid nineteen hundreds. Despite all these issues that divide the novels apart they seem to come across as very similar. Within closer inspection of the novels they seem to both control and authorise their societies. Orwell has used an empowering character as his leader; he has created a party lead by BIG BROTHER. Where as in Dickens approach to create a leader he has used a less excessive and extreme character called Mr Gradgrind, the head teacher who only implicates facts. Although he may not be as demanding as Orwells approach, he uses satire to dissolve the pupils mentality. Both of these characters apply a very dominating attitude towards there audience and offer them no thought and identity. Girl number 20 6079 Smith Both authors have produced an atmosphere where people who are commanded by them, are clarified as mindless objects; rather than individuals with an imagination. This strips them down to nothing but factorised minds in one case, and an imagination that hardly existed in Orwells novel. In an extract from Hard times, the author disembowels the imagination of the students and use the idea of Morgiana the 40 thieves. Not unlike Morgiana looking into all the vessels ranged before him This gives an idea of Mr Gradgrind pouring the facts from his factorised mind, into the students damaged imagination. This compares with Orwells approach, where BIG BROTHER brutally demolishes the entire imagination and thought, as they suffer in a decayed dystopia. An additional contrast linking the novels together is, the stern and domineering party in both societies. The BIG BROTHER party emphasises the issue of them surveying the society of the party members and this is persistently repeated in the novel. In which Mr Gradgrind constantly stresses the importance of facts and crushes the childrens minds, until they grasp the significance of facts. In this life, we want nothing but facts, sir; nothing but facts BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU These two quotations illustrate the emphasis and constant repetition of the parties. The author uses these effects to not only get the picture imprinted in the mind of the characters, but also into the readers. Furthermore, the BIG BROTHER party in Orwells novel, links very well with Dickens criticizing character, Mr Gradgrind. These two characters both contrast and appear as very similar in personality and in appearance. They both are displayed with a face that jolts the reader, and creates in their imagination; a daunting and depressing figure. The black-moustachioed face gazed down while the dark eyes looked into Winstons own While his eyes found commodious cellarage in two dark caves, over shadowed by the wall The first quotation is Orwell showing his opinion of BIG BROTHER gazing with fear, and this compares extremely well with dickens attempt to create the same sort of atmosphere. Dickens expresses more scarce by using a metaphor to show his view of a leader, he also goes into more detail about the bold figure of Mr Gradgrind. Not only do they link well in appearance, but also in attitude towards their society. Both seem to dictate, and show immense power on the regulations of their own society. In conclusion, I feel that both authors have created a society and atmosphere; that both link together and show many similarities. Although they may well both show differences, they dont even compare with the shear amount of evidence that link the novels together. Each author has created authority, control and power to create an atmosphere that can dictate a whole society. In this case the societies are very alike and the tone of speech used by each author is much the same. In my opinion, these two novels equally portray a society that can create a vision for the reader to see a glimpse of the past or what may be a glimpse of the future.

Angel And Tess :: essays research papers

Angel and Tess: A Romance Fit For the Books? Romeo and Juliet, Antony and Cleopatra, Napolean and Josephine. Throughout society's entire existence, we have known almost innately that these couples belong together, and yet fate intervened to deal their relationship a tragic blow. Yet readers persist on viewing these couples as the most passionate of all times. What makes them so unique? What makes them so compatible? What makes everyone see them as half of a whole instead of two? These couples proved to society that they belonged together, no matter what circumstances they faced . They possessed True Love, the rare gift that makes a relationship last, amidst outer turmoil. In the novel, Tess of the D'Ubervilles, by Thomas Hardy, another literary couple is portrayed. Tess Durbeyfield and Angel Clare appear to be in such an invincible love. The audience believes that they could have a happy life together as a unified couple, but, here too, fate intervenes and Tess is killed. However, the question remains in readers' minds: Wo uld Tess and Angel’s relationship reached the level of perfection in these examples had Tess remained alive? Would their relationship have been successful? There are several factors that can define a successful relationship. In order for a relationship to be worthwhile, the relationship must possess mutual love, respect, and trust, characterized by similar backgrounds, harmonious personalities , and compatibility. Tess and Angel’s love could not have survived for long, because they did not possess these things. Their differences made it too difficult for them to be compatible for long. They had different pasts, different personalities, and different goals and aspirations that prevented true love. Tess Durbeyfield has a difficult past, and it impacts who she grows up to be; her past is always a part of her, a perpetual learning experience. Though she spends some years away from home, Tess's personality is still influenced by her humble beginnings, making it impossible for Angel to fully understand her, because his own childhood was relatively easy compared to Tess's. Tess bears most of the burden in her family. The responsibility of the family's welfare is solely on Tess's shoulders. Her parents, immature and impractical, unwittingly force her to care single-handedly for the family. Her mother even says, "The lady must be our relation, and my projick is to send Tess to claim kin." (21) Joan Durbeyfield wants to take the easy way out and inherit the D'Uberville fortune.

Thomas v. Indiana Employment Security

Whether the State's denial of unemployment compensation benefits to the petitioner, who terminated his job because his religious beliefs prohibited him from participating in the production of armaments, constituted a violation of his First Amendment right to free exercise of religion Facts: Petition Thomas was a Jehovah’s witness who worked at the Blaw-Knox Foundry & Machinery Co. He was initially hired to work in the roll foundry until he was transferred to another department that fabricated turrets for military tanks.Since his main function was related to the production of weapons he asked that he be transferred to another department. Having found out that all of the remaining departments at Blaw-Knox were weapons related he asked for a lay-off from his company. When this was denied, he quit from his job arguing that he could not work on weapons without violating the principles of his religion. After leaving his employment he asked for unemployment compensation from the Indi ana Employment Security.During his hearing, he declared that he thought that contributing to the production of arms violated his religion. The hearing referee concluded that Thomas’ religious belief precluded him from producing or aiding directly in the manufacture of items used in warfare. The referee however denied him his benefits on the ground that his termination from employment was not based on good cause in connection with his work as required by the Indiana statute. The Board adopted the referee’s ruling and denied the benefits.On appeal, the Indiana Court of Appeals reversed the decision of the board and ruled that the subject Indiana statute improperly burdened Thomas’ right to free exercise his religion. The Supreme Court of Indiana vacated the decision of the Court of Appeals and denied Thomas his benefits Decision: The State's denial of unemployment compensation benefits to petitioner violated his First Amendment right to free exercise of religion R easons/Rationale In arriving at this conclusion, the Supreme Court first had to answer the question whether Thomas indeed quit his employment due to religion.It is well-settled that only beliefs rooted in religion are protected by the Free Exercise Clause. According to the Supreme Court, the determination however of what is a religious belief or practice is more often than not a difficult and delicate task. The Supreme Court found that Thomas resigned from employment because he thought that production of arms violated his religion. In this case, the referee had found that Thomas quit his employment due to his religious convictions. This was affirmed by the Review Board.The Indiana Supreme Court however concluded that Thomas had merely made a personal philosophical choice rather than a religious choice. It must be stressed that religious belief is not reduced to a philosophical choice merely because there are differences among the faithful in their interpretation of their scripture. The fact therefore that a colleague did not consider production of weapons as a serious violation of their religions should not affect Thomas’ reason for quitting his employment. It is also immaterial and insignificant if the faithful is having difficulty articulating his views.The free exercise of religion protected by the First Amendment is not limited to beliefs which are shared by all of the members. Having disposed of the first question, the second question is whether the statute violated the free exercise of religion by Thomas. According to the Supreme Court, it is well-settled that when the state requires that certain conduct is mandated by a religious faith be first complied with before a benefit is received or when it denies such a benefit because of failure to comply with such conduct, the state is in effect placing a burden upon religion.In this case, if we are to uphold the interpretation given on the Indiana statute then we are in effect stating that the employee should not resign for religious grounds otherwise he will not be entitled to benefits. Although the compulsion exercised by the state in this case is indirect, the infringement upon free exercise is nonetheless substantial. This however does not mean that the state cannot restrict the free exercise of religion. If there are more compelling interest which could justify the state from restricting the free exercise of religion then the burden may be allowed.The ends, however, do not justify the means. In this case, the reasons behind the enactment of the statute do not justify violation of the free exercise of religion. There is no evidence that will prove that the number of people who find themselves in the predicament of choosing between benefits and religious beliefs is large enough to create widespread unemployment or even to seriously affect unemployment which is feared by the lower courts. There is therefore no interest more important than the free exercise of religion.Neither i s there any merit on the argument that to compel the payment of benefits to Thomas will amount to fostering a religious faith. The grant of benefits given to Thomas is a mere affirmation of the obligation of the state to become neutral in matters of the religious faith of the people. Dissenting Opinion of Justice Rehnquist Justice Rehnquist declared that the conclusion of the majority that the State of Indiana is constitutionally required to provide direct financial assistance to a person solely because of his religious beliefs actually adds mud to the already muddied waters of the First Amendment.According to him this declaration of the majority is clearly erroneous as it does not resolve the tension between the Free Exercise Clause and the Establishment Clause of the constitution. It is the contention of Justice Rehnquist that the majority read the Free Exercise Clause too broadly. Although it upheld the free exercise of religion by Thomas, it however in effect violated the requir ements of the Establishment Clause by preferring religion over another.

Woman Unknown by Rabindranath Tagore

WOMAN UNKNOWN- Rabindranath Tagore **************************************************************** By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan Author of: Language and writing, DSB Publication Thimphu Communicative English, P. K. Books, Calicut A perception on Literary Criticism, P. K. Books, Calicut ****************************************************************** ? First person narrative. ? A 27 year old man namely Anupam who is immersed in Indian tradition and culture. Exposes the Indian culture of the period, main cultural practices, especially arranged marriage and dowry system. ? Breaking away from the stereotypical role for ones rights with subtlety and understatement. Features ? Prologue ? Flash back(see bluffing) ? Epilogue ? Understatement Prologue-The opening section of a work; a kind of introduction which is part of the work and not prefatory. it was common in drama in the 17th and 18th century. Epilogue-Three meanings may be distinguished : a short speech to be delivered at the end of a play.It often makes some graceful and witty comment on what has happened and ask for approval, if not the indulgence, of the audience (b) the end of a fable. Where the moral is pointed(c)the concluding section or paragraph of any literary work, sometimes added a summary, but more often as an afterthought. Theme-The socialtradition like arranged marriages, dowry system and its evil impacts are discussed in the story. Tagore made a social criticism on the institution of marriage and dowry system in Indian society. The writer exposes the vanity and pompousness of Indian marriages.Setting 1. Anupam’s house in Culcatta 2. Kanpur,Kalyan’residence 3. Small portion in the train Conflicts Internal conflicts? Anupam versus Anupam ? Kalyani versus Kalyani ? External conflicts? Anupam versus uncle and mother. ? Uncle versus ShambunathBabu/Kalyani. ? Anupam family versus the society. ? Stream of anger versus revenge. ? Stream of love versus forgiveness. â€Å"There is room here â€Å"it has been echoing in the mind of Anupam. He lived with that sw eet voice though he had no hope of marrying her,Anupam lived in the faith that she might change his mind one day.But Kalyani dedicated her service to girl’s education. Anupam is projected as a Meek and week man . Usually ladies are projected as shy and nervous, but Kalyani in this story appears as a bold-hearted girl, capable to stand in her own feet and face all the consequences of life and teaches her community to break away from the stereotypical role of an Indian woman. Anupam’s uncle ? ? ? Very miserly Cunning and shrewd man Behaves like a responsible person involved with all the worries of the family. ************************************

Evoke vs. Invoke

Evoke vs. Invoke Evoke vs. Invoke Evoke vs. Invoke By Mark Nichol Evoke and invoke, two members of a small but powerful family of words relating to stimulus and response, have senses both similar and distinct. To evoke something is to call it forth, perhaps by bringing it to mind, or, synonymously with invoke, by summoning it (as in conjuration) or presenting it in support of an appeal (as when a rule or principle is invoked). Usually, invoke is used for the latter two meanings. The distinction is in the context; usually, something evoked is qualitative and intangible, whereas something invoked is material or practical. Meanwhile, the related words provoke and revoke are also potent in their own right. To provoke is to prompt anger or an action (and is thus, in a limited sense, a direct synonym of evoke and invoke), while revoke means â€Å"to take back or recall.† The root element common to this foursome, -voke, is an English form of the Latin stem voc-, from vox (â€Å"voice†), from which many words with the element voc-, such as vocal and vocabulary, are derived. (Voice itself is different in form because of its detour through French.) Another word with the voc- element is advocate, which means â€Å"to support vocally†; the noun form is identical. The noun forms for evoke, invoke, and their cousins provoke and revoke are identical, produced by omitting the letters k and e and adding the ending -ation resulting in evocation, invocation, provocation, and revocation which correctly suggests that vocation and avocation also share an etymological origin (respectively, they mean, â€Å"calling,† as in what work one is called to do in life, and â€Å"call away,† as in an activity one engages in outside of work). However, although avocados call to me, the word is unrelated; it’s from a Spanish alteration of ahuacatl, a word from the Nahuatl language, spoken by the Aztecs and by more than a million Mexicans. (I invite you to look up that word’s meaning yourself.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should KnowAcronym vs. InitialismProverb vs. Adage

NORTH AND SOUTH BY ELIZABETH GASKELL essays

NORTH AND SOUTH BY ELIZABETH GASKELL essays Elizabeth Gaskell's North and south is one of the most influential novels of the industrial age with its clear depiction of social, economic and political conditions prevailing in that era. We are all well aware pf the fact that capitalism was the biggest problem in the industrial age and it was viewed as the sole enemy of mankind since it gave rise to numerous social and economic problems for the urban poor. Gaskell has captured all these problems skillfully in her novel thus focusing on the major problems of these times. However it is not just the social or economic conditions that make this novel a success, but also the depiction of the religion and religious controversies that set this work apart from other novels of 19th The author has tried to maintain an objective stance on the subject of religion but she has written clearly about doubts and various other problems that Christianity suffered during this troubled times. As man himself was undergoing severe social and economic problems, his religious beliefs also suffered a setback and author has transferred these doubts carefully yet clearly onto the pages of her novel. Many people believe that it is Nicolas Higgins who represents the center of religious controversy but that is not entirely true. We notice a religious motif running throughout the novel and various religious doubts and belief surface from time to time through different characters beginning from Margaret Hale's father. However it is true that it is in Higgins that religious controversy is most pronounced. It is important to study the many different references to religious doubt and controversy that occur in this novel to fully comprehend the problem that had surfaced in those days. While people suddenly began doubting religion is unclear from the novel, however it appears that the problems of the age had created doubts in the minds of some people who later decided ...

Intonation and Stress Types for English Pronunciation

Intonation and Stress Types for English Pronunciation Improving sentence intonation is one of the key elements in English pronunciation. The four basic types of word stress that lead to proper intonation in English are: Tonic stressEmphatic stressContrastive stressNew information stress Tonic Stress Tonic stress refers to the syllable in a word which receives the most stress in an intonation unit. An intonation unit has one tonic stress. Its important to remember that a sentence can have more than one intonation unit, and therefore have more than one tonic stress. Here are some examples of intonation units with the tonic stress bolded: Hes waitingHes waiting / for his friendHes waiting / for his friend / at the station Generally, the final tonic stress in a sentence receives the most stress. In the above example, station receives the strongest stress. There are a number of instances in which the stress changes from this standard. Emphatic Stress If you decide to emphasize something, you can change the stress from the principal noun to another content word such as an adjective (big, difficult, etc.), intensifier (very, extremely, etc.) This emphasis calls attention to the extraordinary nature of what you want to emphasize. For example: That was a difficult test. - Standard statementThat was a difficult test. - Emphasizes how difficult the test was There are a number of adverbs and modifiers which tend to be used to emphasize in sentences that receive emphatic stress: ExtremelyTerriblyCompletelyUtterlyEspecially Contrastive Stress Contrastive stress is used to point out the difference between one object and another. Contrastive stress tends to be used with determiners such as this, that, these and those. For example: I think I prefer this color.Do you want these or those curtains? Contrastive stress is also used to bring out a given word in a sentence which will also slightly change the meaning. He came to the party yesterday. (It was he, not someone else.)He walked to the party yesterday. (He walked, rather than drove.)He came to the party yesterday. (It was a party, not a meeting or something else.)He came to the party yesterday. (It was yesterday, not two weeks ago or some other time.) New Information Stress When asked a question, the requested information is naturally stressed more strongly. For example: Where are you from? - I come from Seattle, in the USA.What do you want to do? - I want to go bowling.When does class begin? - The class begins at nine oclock. Use these various types of stress to help improve your pronunciation and understandability.

Cont-wk5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cont-wk5 - Essay Example nner must prepare themselves through training, but if they do not have the motivation to succeed or expect to succeed they probably will not do as well as someone who does have the motivation and the expectation to succeed. Estrella (2007) suggests that in order to close the achievement gap, teachers must lead their classrooms and motivate their students. This means that they must engage their students in learning and essentially make them want to learn. This is clear to see that within the context of Atkinsons theory, because children in classrooms must have internal motivation to achieve in order to allow the teacher to bring out the motivation inside the classroom. In fact, Estrella suggests that teachers who are able to see poor performance must check to see whether the child is motivated to learn or not. It is my opinion that there must be internal motivation because there is so much happening in a childs life today. As an example, the computer, television and video games can play such a role in a childs life that they lose their motivation to succeed in school unless the technology is available. This can damage a childs internal motivation and make them listless in school. Gatto (2010) tells students that they must be engaged in his classroom and by using this lesson and six others he has been able to successfully motivate students to learn. through motivation. Lubin leaders and scholars senior thesis. Pace University. Retrieved October 6, 2010 from

Managing Business Projects Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Business Projects - Case Study Example At times, co-ordination between employees was a problem and communication gaps following this clustered spaced out location offices could be an issue. It has thus important to address the problem and seek a viable solution to the situation in hand. To address this problem, it has become important for Sekroob to accommodate its entire staff on just one floor. It was decided to rent and utilize a new floor of out of town accommodation. The flowed would ensure that the entire call center is housed on one floor alongside many a floor operational advantages. An increase in efficiency was expected, staff motivation to rise, faster inflow and outflow of business products, lesser chaos and a more smooth running business atmosphere. Initially it was decided to use a professional re-location company by the director Ron Black for acquisition and equipping the new work space. But one need to realize that a professional relocation company to relocate the company over the weekend would mean expenses would increase manifold. I could relocate the office, and the staff which could be far more beneficial compared to hiring a professional relocation company to do the same. My focus of the project would be to do it at a cost which is less than half of what would be spent on a professional relocation company. It would focus on quality control as I have worked with the organization and I am more aware of the internal environment of the office. Moreover, it is also guaranteed that the work would finish will before the coming weekend and by next Monday; the entire staff would be working in the new location. Facts discovered after some research: A current situation analysis under taken has revealed that there was 78 staff including 6 section leaders and one director in the company. The office was located on various floors of the town center office, each of which could be accessed by 2 service lifts or stairs. It was only the call center director who had an individual office otherwise open plan offices were scattered all over. The workers were present in 6 work stations which combined had 13 cells. 6 cells were located on the 4th floor while the remaining 7 stood scattered over the lower floors. The equipment in these work stations involved the presence of a desk, a lockable desk pedestal and over head hanging storage cabinet, cabinet telephone equipment with networked computer, monitor and laser printer. There were 3 cupboards in each of the 4 cells. Plan: The relocation would involve relocating the call center department to the second floor. The plan is to relocate the call center department to the second floor. For this new office furniture would be purchased and fit in by the manufactures. This will be followed by the use of vacated office space would then be used by other departments shortly after the move. So the vacated work stations had to be in a usable condition. The department had created a plan of where everyone was to be located (seated) in the new office. The trial shift: To figure out how long each activity would take, a trial shift was planned over one weekend. In this trial run, a working cell was moved into a van, driven to another office and unpacked so that it could be used again. The idea behind this was to figure out how long the whole process would take and to figure out any potential problems that would be

Critical analysis paper -Womens Philanthropy Board Fall Luncheon to Essay

Critical analysis paper -Womens Philanthropy Board Fall Luncheon to kick off yearlong commemoration of 50 Years of Integration at Auburn University the speaker was Marybeth Gasman - Essay Example Demonstrating her power of speech, her content had accurate facts; her speech seemed well organized with a clear introduction and good conclusion; the manner of delivery was perfect with high eloquence and clear voice as well as keeping the audience entertained throughout. It all showed how well prepared she was (Darlington, para.3). The contents of Professor Gasman’s speech concentrated on the theme of the event and sometimes beyond. She even touched on the need for students to recognize and appreciate efforts made by their respective colleges when they finish their education, expressing alarm over the decreasing number of people registering in alumni. To make her facts accurate, she shared statistics obtained from a recent study based on how African Americans give back to their Universities they graduated from and how they give in general to the church tithes offering and the family members (para.43). This example, however, did not go down well with the African American students in the room and most of them saw this piece of information irrelevant to the topic of the event (para.4). The speech was well organized and seemed to flow from the beginning to the end (para.17). Her introduction focused on huddles faced on the journey to academic excellence in various parts of the world. She made her introduction perfect by paying tribute to the students and staff who lost their lives in the deadly shooting at Connecticut elementary, which made her seize our attention (para.16). The introduction transited smoothly to her main speech of the day where she concentrated on the benefits of integration. She ended her speech by outlining a summary her main points thus making it a strong conclusion (para.46). The speech delivery was very convenient and thorough. She used an effective microphone with good sound quality that never jammed during her entire speech. The microphone made her voice loud enough and we got every detail of her speech clearly

How can maths promote cultural development in primary schools Essay

How can maths promote cultural development in primary schools - Essay Example Cultural development has become a critical part of social development for the UK which is why policy makers nowadays are keen on developing it at the grass root level. In education, this refers to activities, curriculum and teaching practices to mediate cultural conflict at the primary school level such as Key Stage 1 and 2. The central role of education in cultural development, according to Ofsted (2004), is inherently linked with enabling the young people to recognize and explore cultural assumptions, values, and traditions, and embrace culture within contemporary values, attitudes and social perspectives. It emphasizes the "appreciation of inter-dependence of different cultures" and thereby helps in mitigating racism challenges.Mathematics, a core curriculum subject in primary school, is a logic based subject which manifests in social interactions, structures and relations. According to Lerman (2001), mathematics develops social consciousness; it promotes interpretation of concept s and knowledge, in a constructive manner. Unlike other subjects, mathematics induces empirical practices. Instruction and development starts from the first day of a child's life, and continues throughout his/her life. Learning situations create practice. From this perspective, cultural tools and meta-cognitive tools jump start development processes. For example mathematics classrooms can be used as the place for introducing values attached to visual structuring (shapes), combining data, and calculating quantity.

Legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legislation - Essay Example In the event that such programs become preferential based on gender, race or ethnicity, affirmative action becomes controversial (Dale, 2005). Originally, the Affirmative-Action legislation was intended to pressure institution including government institutions, schools, and contractors to comply with the non-discrimination provisions in the Civil Rights Act, 1964 (Dale, 2005). The article required that schools and colleges take affirmative action to counteract the effects of past discriminations and encourage affirmative so as to achieve a diverse student body. Most importantly, the legislation was intended to forbid inflexible and rigid quotas for the employment of minorities and encourages contractors, schools and colleges to take good faith efforts to meet targets and goals for the employment minorities and women without discrimination (Dale, 2005). Mr. Justice POWELL in his ruling on the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case concluded that, the use of racial quotas in a university’s admissions process is unconstitutional. In addition, it concluded that the use of affirmative actions in the selection of minority applicants was constitutional in certain circumstances (â€Å"Regents of University of California v. Bakke,† 1978). This conclusion was based on the provisions of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, 1964 that only those racial classifications that violates the Equal Protection Clause when employed by agencies of the state and the sate itself(â€Å"Regents of University of California v. Bakke,† 1978). The ruling was also based on the fact that while the goals of affirmative action are still compelling, the use of quotas in such programs is unnecessary in the achievement of such goals since it is, under the Equal Protection Clause, unnecessary. Additionally, the conclusion was based on the fact the petitioner could not furnish the court with sufficient proof that

How can maths promote cultural development in primary schools Essay

How can maths promote cultural development in primary schools - Essay Example Cultural development has become a critical part of social development for the UK which is why policy makers nowadays are keen on developing it at the grass root level. In education, this refers to activities, curriculum and teaching practices to mediate cultural conflict at the primary school level such as Key Stage 1 and 2. The central role of education in cultural development, according to Ofsted (2004), is inherently linked with enabling the young people to recognize and explore cultural assumptions, values, and traditions, and embrace culture within contemporary values, attitudes and social perspectives. It emphasizes the "appreciation of inter-dependence of different cultures" and thereby helps in mitigating racism challenges.Mathematics, a core curriculum subject in primary school, is a logic based subject which manifests in social interactions, structures and relations. According to Lerman (2001), mathematics develops social consciousness; it promotes interpretation of concept s and knowledge, in a constructive manner. Unlike other subjects, mathematics induces empirical practices. Instruction and development starts from the first day of a child's life, and continues throughout his/her life. Learning situations create practice. From this perspective, cultural tools and meta-cognitive tools jump start development processes. For example mathematics classrooms can be used as the place for introducing values attached to visual structuring (shapes), combining data, and calculating quantity.

The Internal Chaos Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Internal Chaos - Research Paper Example The workings of the military and the government are to protect the nation from outside attack, secure the places for a life with freedom, and give the ignorance on who are on the right and wrong sides in wars. The real safety will not be achieved fully through sending military volunteers abroad and making treaties with other governments. The real peace and war avoidance lies in the hands of the individuals without relying to the governmental efforts.1 Objective of the Study For the purpose of the study, the focus would be on the American Civil War and the Ku Klux Klan as the history recorded evidences regarding both the event and the group itself. Several discriminations existed as conflicts arose during the Civil War and thorough understanding on the history of both the war and the group would be compared as they coexisted and affected the lives of people in America. Background Information Throughout the history of United States of America, the American Civil War was considered the most expensive war recorded on history of the nation. The battles separated the nation into half and the country received 600,000 deaths and 1,000,000 casualties. The winners were just the few who survived the series of armed fights. The survival of the fittest was inevitable in the Civil War. The devastating effects did not only happen in USA but also felt in the neighboring countries. The war happened as efforts were made to abolish slavery.2 The war started during the time of Abraham Lincoln on April 12, 1861 as the military and the Confederates had an encounter battle in South Carolina. In response to the first encounter battle, Lincoln made a volunteer army to free people... This essay discusses the American Civil War as the most expensive war recorded on history of the nation. The battles separated the nation into half and the country received 600,000 deaths and 1,000,000 casualties. The winners were just the few who survived the series of armed fights. The survival of the fittest was inevitable in the Civil War. The devastating effects did not only happen in USA but also felt in the neighboring countries. The war happened as efforts were made to abolish slavery. The war started during the time of Abraham Lincoln on April 12, 1861 as the military and the Confederates had an encounter battle in South Carolina. In response to the first encounter battle, Lincoln made a volunteer army to free people from slavery. Both the government and the Confederated created their own armies as the war progressed. During the battle in Maryland, the Confederates were defeated at the so-called Battle of Antietam dated September 1862. After such war, the Emancipation Procla mation was released that officially designated slavery as the main war objective. The causes of the civil war were the following: sectionalism, slavery, rights of States, slave power, nationalism, and battle of Fort Sumter and election of Lincoln. The North and South of USA had differences in social structure, culture and economies that caused the civil war to sprout. The differences happened as the North focused on progressive and modernized farms as the South continued to rely on slavery. The removal of slavery caused a great deal of fear in the South as slave revolts. In that case, the government made movements in stopping the spread of slavery.

The Basic Unit of Life Essay Example for Free

The Basic Unit of Life Essay One of the hallmark characteristics of living things is that they perform chemical reactions. These reactions are collectively known as metabolism. Cells, the basic units of life, can perform many of these metabolic reactions. In a multicelled organism, the cells group together to form tissues that perform the same functions. Tissues group together to form organs, and finally, several organs exist together in a system. In this lesson, we will see how and why this hierarchy is established. The Basic Unit of Life All organisms from the smallest single-celled protists to huge whales and giant redwood trees are based on tiny microscopic cells. The types and number of cells may vary, but the cell is the basic unit of life. The cell is the minimum amount of organized living matter complex enough to carry out the functions of life as outlined in Lessons 1 and 2. In the most basic sense, a cell is made of a gelatinous living substance we call protoplasm, which contains many small structures, all surrounded by a membrane. Cell Structure The cell membrane separates the living cell from the rest of the environment. However, this membrane is not just a static solid wall. It must allow food molecules and oxygen to enter and wastes to exit. Thus, the cell membrane is semipermeable because it allows some things to pass through, but not others. It must also communicate and associate with the membranes of other cells. Inside the cell membrane is a substance called protoplasm in which many tiny structures called organelles (because they act like small versions of organs) are suspended. Some of the more important organelles and their functions are listed in the following table

Overview of Green Wireless Networks

Overview of Green Wireless Networks Abstract: Traditional mobile networks largely focus on availability, variety, stability and large capacity. Due to the rapid development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry whose major constituent are the mobile networks, CO2 emissions have been increasing rapidly. This shows the need for energy efficient wireless networks or green wireless networks which will put emphasis on saving the energy and environmental protection. The current wireless networks concentrates mainly on non-energy related factors such as Quality of Service (QoS), throughput and reliability. So these factors have to kept in mind while transitioning to green wireless networks. The techniques that need to be implemented are aimed at improving energy efficiency but not compromising the QoS, throughput and reliability.   In this paper the various metrics which help in evaluating performance of wireless networks are reviewed. Also different approaches to improve energy efficiency in wireless networks an d how to combine them for higher energy efficiency are discussed. Introduction: The latest mobile phones provide multiple services which led to rise of ICT traffic. ICT constitutes for 2% of total Green House Gas (GHG) and CO2 emissions worldwide. Within the ICT sector, mobile sector was responsible for 43% of emissions until 2002 while studies suggest that this number would go up to 51% by 2020 [1]. The predominant energy consuming part in a wireless network is the Radio Access Network (RAN). This comes from the fact the RF power amplifier within the RAN consumes a lot of input power for operation and releases a lot of heat contributing to energy wastage. In addition to this, the inconsistent distribution of real world mobile traffic among the BSs leads to underutilization of supplied energy [1]. These two reasons give us an idea of where the energy is being wasted or not utilized, helping us in formulating new techniques for energy efficient wireless networks. While discussing about various techniques for energy efficiency, we have to keep in mind that the QoS is not compromised at all. Because if an operator uses a technique, they should be able to serve the users by utilizing less energy but not by compromising users service. The various parts of a mobile network that consume power are data centers in backhaul, macro cells, femtocells, mobile stations or end hosts and their services. But the major part that consumes the highest power is the power amplifier section and Base station or RAN section. Hence the various techniques presented in this paper are aimed at energy efficiency in these sections only. Section II of the paper outlines various metrics which can be used to evaluate the energy performance of systems. Section III discusses cell layout adaptation techniques for reducing energy consumption and is divided into 3-subsections that outline various cell shaping algorithms. Section IV explains some challenges and research directions for energy efficient networks like Cognitive Radio (CR), M2M communication etc. Metrics for measuring energy performance: Energy efficiency can be achieved by employing better techniques. But in order to measure the energy consumption or utilization, metrics are needed. Energy efficiency metric can be defined as ratio of output to the input power supplied [1]. The output here may correspond to how much the distance of transmission is, number of bits transmitted or output power etc. The metrics for energy efficiency are broadly categorized into 3 levels: Component level metrics, Access node level metrics and network level metrics. Component level metrics mainly focus on power amplifier section, Access node level metrics focus on RAN or Base station, and network level metrics focus on performance of RAN [1]. These metrics help to quantify energy efficiency of various devices and therefore it becomes easier to compare which technique is better. Firstly, at the component level, where we focus on power amplifier section, there are 2 possible types of metric categories. One is Analog and the other is digital. The two important metrics of analog RF transmission are Power Amplifier efficiency (PA efficiency) and Peak to average power ratio (PAPR). PA efficiency is the ratio of PA output power to the input power supplied to it. Higher value of PA efficiency is desired, but in reality this is the part where most of the input power is wasted. PAPR, as the name suggests is the ratio of Peak power to average power. Lower value of PAPR is desired, as higher values tend to reduce the amplifier efficiency. The significant digital metrics in component level are millions of instructions per second per watt (MIPS/W) and millions of floating point operations per second per watt (MFLOPS/W). Higher value of MIPS/W and MFLOPS/W are desired as they refer to digital output generated for a given power input [1]. Secondly, at access node level there are 2 major metrics. Power efficiency and radio efficiency. Power efficiency refers to transmitted data rate over a given bandwidth and input power supplied. It is measured in bits per second per hertz per watt (b/S/Hz/W). Radio efficiency refers to transmitted data rate and transmitted distance over a given bandwidth and input power supplied. It is measured in bits meters per second per hertz per watt (b-m/S/Hz/W) [1]. Higher values of power and radio efficiency are desired as they measure the data rate and distance of transmission which are always desired to be a higher value for a given power input. Finally, at the network level also there are 2 metrics which measure the number of subscribers served during peak hours and coverage area respectively. The first metric measures the number of subscribers served during peak hour to the supplied input power and is measured in number of subscribers per watt (Subscribers/W) and the second metric measures the coverage area of the radio signal to the supplied input power and is measured in square meters per watt (m2/W) [1]. Higher values for both these metrics are desired as they signify serving more number of subscribers or a larger coverage area for a given power input. Hence when evaluating various techniques for wireless energy efficiency, it is better to know at whether energy efficiency is augmented in component level or access node level or network level. That way it would become easier to compare the efficiency in terms of various levels individual metrics. Reducing Energy consumption through Cell Layout Adaptation: Cell layout adaptation (CLA) techniques focus on energy efficiency at network level. But for these techniques to improve energy efficiency, it is important to improve efficiency in component level and access node level as well, because all these 3 levels are inter-related to each other and one works on the basis of another. Power is first supplied from power amplifier and then to RAN and at last to the network level, that means it is possible to save more energy in component level and access node level and the remaining energy that is used by the network can be efficiently utilized by implementing these cell layout adaptation techniques. CLA techniques are basically divided into 3 major categories. First part consists of cell shaping techniques like Base Stations (BSs) turning off and cell breathing, second part consists of hybrid macro femtocell deployments and the final part consists of relaying techniques [1]. A. Cell Shaping Techniques: As mentioned earlier, base stations turning off and cell breathing techniques encompass cell shaping techniques. The basic idea behind the former is turning off BSs and redistributing the remaining traffic to neighboring base stations. Here we need to make sure that we are turning off BSs which are idle or the ones which have very less traffic that can be taken up by neighboring cells. This way energy consumption is reduced and only the BSs that have traffic will operate and consume energy. Cell breathing scheme goes one step further by not actually turning off BSs, but by reducing the power consumption of a cell. This can be achieved by covering a low distance depending on the traffic. That means BSs experiencing higher traffic operate in full power mode while the BSs with medium traffic operate in medium power mode and cells with very less traffic operate at low power mode, thereby reducing the coverage area depending on subscriber traffic. This is analogous to a cell breathing acc ording to traffic patterns. As these cell shaping techniques are based on network level, number of subscribers served and coverage area metrics should be maintained in order to ensure good QoS and less call drop rate when implementing these techniques. The broader explanation of cell shaping techniques is mentioned above, but to implement those techniques there are 2 major algorithms: switching-off network planning algorithm and cell breathing coordination algorithm [1]. Firstly, switching-off network planning algorithm works on the basis of 3 factors, number of BSs to turn off, number of BSs to operate, and time period for which BSs are turned off. The ratio of number of BSs to turn off and BSs to operate and a specific time period for which turn-off is implemented based on the low traffic pattern is calculated. Once these values are calculated, it is made sure that the blocking probability limit is not exceeded, which means definite QoS is maintained. Cell breathing coordination algorithm works on the basis of a central node called a cell zooming server. The cell zooming server analyzes the incoming traffic and tries to turn of the BSs which do not have any traffic at all. Then it tries to distribute the traffic from less active BSs to busy BSs. It also makes sure to distribute traffic based on input traffic and turns on the sleep mode BSs when required. This centralized approach works good in smaller networks and when it comes to large scale networks, it would be very ineffective. The same applies to switching off network planning algorithm because there is no centralized node to turn on the BSs if needed, as the turn -off time if fixed based on traffic patterns [1]. The cell shaping techniques also bring up a new trade-off, i.e. SE-EE tradeoff (spectral efficiency-energy efficiency) [3]. SE-EE trade-off focuses on network level characteristics like number of subscribers served and coverage area for input power supplied. By implementing these cell shaping techniques although energy efficiency is obtained, there is always chance where coverage area is reduced and some subscribers are ignored. Ideally, higher the energy efficiency lower is the spectral efficiency. But in reality, because of component level energy issues, transmission distances, coding schemes the relationship between SE and EE is not inversely proportional, but it is of the form of a bell curve. So it is better to apply cell shaping techniques until the point where spectral efficiency is not compromised. B. Hybrid macro femtocell deployment: Femtocell deployment in combination with macro cells is a second method under cell layout adaptation. Femtocell deployments provide coverage in the order of 10 meters and utilize a small BS, which requires less power to operate. Femtocell deployment is advantageous as it provides good coverage and QoS to a set of users within its range with less operating expenses when compared to a macro BS [1]. Although femtocell deployment is a good concept, it is not desirable to have too many femtocells as it increases the power consumption and utilizes more network resources for a lesser coverage area. A better way of deployment is having hybrid macro and femtocell deployment. In the case of hybrid deployment, the macro BS provides coverage to users who are evenly spread over a long distance and the femtocell provides coverage to users who are located in a dense region. This way the energy is utilized efficiently, as a new macro BS is not being deployed to provide coverage to those dense set of users. The hybrid macro cell and -femtocell deployment poses a new challenge for handoffs, as macro BS and femtocell BS might have same signal strength in the others coverage region. The handoffs issue can be solved by defining a clear boundary between the macro and femtocell BS. Within the dense region, the femtocell should have higher signal strength and it should properly handoff at the bounda ry of macro BS. Also within the coverage area of macro BS, the femtocell BS should have very less signal strength [1]. This would give a clear idea to define a boundary. A better way of implementing this hybrid deployment is by utilizing the cell shaping techniques like BS turning off and cell breathing coordination. If there are a set of femtocells, and one of the coverage area is totally idle, then that femtocell BS can be turned off and basic coverage is provided by the macro BS at that location. Similarly, if incoming traffic is analyzed, femtocells and macro cells can use the cell breathing techniques to lower their power utilization [1]. Also the hybrid macro and femtocell deployment leads to a DE-EE tradeoff (deployment efficiency-energy efficiency) [3]. Ideally energy efficiency increases when more femtocells are deployed and deployment efficiency goes down because of increase in deployment expenses, network utilization and energy consumption. In a practical scenario, the relationship between DE and EE is more like a bell curve, with a peak point where deployment and energy efficiency are in good standing. Hence it is a good idea to use hybrid deployment until the point where it does not degrade the deployment efficiency and energy efficiency. C. Relaying techniques: Energy efficiency can be achieved through 2 types of relaying techniques. The first technique uses repeater stations or green antennas for relaying and the second technique uses mobile stations for relaying. In the first technique, a repeater station or a green antenna with receiver capability is connected to the macro BS through a coax cable or optical fiber, with the latter utilizing less energy. These green antennas are placed very near to the mobile stations, which helps to reduce the energy consumption in uplink by the mobile stations. Although this technique improves energy efficiency for mobile stations, it increases operating expenses for the service provider. In the second technique, the mobile stations work in coordination and perform the relaying operation. This way the transmission distance for the macro BS is reduced and it consumes less energy. Although this technique assumes mobile stations as relays which work selflessly. Practically, the mobile stations may not work in coordination which would break the link for relaying. One more drawback of this technique is that for maintaining coordination between the mobile stations, more energy is consumed [1]. Challenges and directions for energy efficient wireless networks: Cognitive Radio (CR) and M2M (Machine to Machine) communication systems provide new opportunities in the field of green wireless networks, but also pose significant challenges at the same time. Cognitive Radio can be defined as a RF transceiver that is used to switch users from a very busy spectrum to an unused one and vice versa if needed. The origin for this topic came from the fact that many RF spectrums are congested with several users and some other spectrums are underutilized. Hence the concept of CR would efficiently manage users in various spectrums and help to deliver better QoS. Indirectly this switching of spectrums or utilizing unused spectrums is resulting in energy efficiency as spectrums with more users will not utilize additional energy as users are transferred to other spectrum. Also underutilized spectrums which were consuming energy for operation, now serve the new users efficiently resulting in energy and spectrum utilization. The only disadvantage of CR technique is that monitoring various RF spectrums and switching users from one spectrum to another requires significant energy. Hence this technique would be energy efficient only if more energy is saved by intelligently switching users than that is utilized for monitoring spectrums or users [2]. M2M wireless communication systems are aimed at connecting various wireless devices directly. This approach also helps in reducing energy consumption from the point of view of a mobile station. M2M helps to reduce the computation required by various physical devices and also tries to offload them to the network itself. This way the mobile stations consume less energy as the number of computations is reduced. The major disadvantage with this approach is that if more computation is offloaded to the main network, it might consume more energy that that is being saved by mobile stations by utilizing this approach. Hence this technique would be energy efficient if the main network does not consume a lot of energy for some additional computations [2]. Conclusion and Future Scope: The rise in carbon footprint, especially the contribution to it from the ICT sector and consequently mobile sector led to interest in energy efficient wireless networks. Energy efficiency can be achieved at various levels such as power amplifier, RAN and network. The techniques proposed in the paper focus on energy efficiency in RAN and network levels. But they also have trade-offs like DE-EE and SE-EE, which can be vanquished by emerging techniques like CR and M2M communications. These emerging techniques can be improved in a way where they consume less energy for monitoring in comparison with the prevailing levels. Alongside that, at the power amplifier level, the current solution for energy efficiency is to use expensive components which would trade off the gains achieved by energy savings. Hence a future research direction would be addressing energy efficiency at power amplifier level and improving CR and M2M techniques. VI. References: [1] Luis .S, Nuaymi .L, and Bonnin .J, An overview and classification of research approaches in green wireless networks. Eurasip journal on wireless communications and networking 2012.1 (2012): pp.1-18. [2] Xiaofei .W, et al. A survey of green mobile networks: Opportunities and challenges. Mobile Networks and Applications 17.1 (2012): pp.4-20. [3] Yan Chen; Shunqing Zhang; Shugong Xu; Li, G.Y., Fundamental trade-offs on green wireless networks, in Communications Magazine, IEEE , vol.49, no.6, pp.30-37, June 2011.

The Eclectic Model Essay -- Education

For my presentation I chose the Eclectic teaching method used in Physical Education. Going into the project I had no idea what the model was or what it involved. I quickly learned the importance of the Eclectic model and how it is the most vital and widely used teaching method out. The reason for this is because it is the combination of all the teaching models and grouping them to the different age levels of the students. Obviously, there are certain games or activities that you would not do with 3rd graders because they are not developed enough to handle them. On the other hand you may not do an activity with high schoolers because they are over developed for it and they will not gain any benefits from it. To better explain how the eclectic model would be used I researched other teaching models and broke them down into 3 categories where they fit best: Elementary, Middle School, and High School. Elementary Physical Education is usually the first time when young children are being professionally taught how to control their bodies and perform basic skills that they will need to succeed in physical activity throughout their lifetime. This is the most important part of a child’s Physical Education because without these skills and abilities they will not be able to exercise properly through life and it could also discourage them from trying different activities. If this happens our country will become even more obese and out of shape. The models we decided fit best in this age group of students were Developmental Education, Tactical Games Model, Movement Model, Interdisciplinary Elementary Education, and Inquiry Model. We discovered that these in particular taught objectives that younger children need before they could move onto m... ...entary school ages as well. When a school district decides to use the eclectic model in their PE program they do it in hopes that the students will apply what they have learned grades K-12 to the rest of their life. As PE teachers it is our job to give students the information needed to live a long, healthy life. When taught correctly, the eclectic model does just that. Works Cited 1. Siedentop, Daryl, Jacqueline Herkowitz, and Judith Rink. Elementary Physical Education Methods. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984. Print. 2. Physical Education for Lifelong Fitness: The Physical Best Teacher's Guide. Leeds: Human Kinetics Europe, 2005. Print. 3. Manimtim-Florescar, Ruth. "Teaching Method: Eclectic | The Manila Bulletin Newspaper Online." The Manila Bulletin Newspaper Online. 27 May 2008. Web. .

The Effects of Gender, Oppression, and Ideology of Women in the Society

Women are most often viewed as part of men. They are at the side or behind a man’s identity. A woman is being talked about by connoting â€Å"the wife of†¦,† â€Å"the daughter of†¦,† or â€Å"the mother of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Women are viewed to be not really significant in the society in history. They are only existent to serve their men for physical and emotional aspect. According to history, women are only subjects and/or objects of the society. In this modern period, women still experience these kinds of situations in different countries around the world. It is good to obtain better understanding on the situations of women in different nations to justify the wholeness of women’s concept. Through this, we could be able to define and analyze the circumstances of women and how these concepts affect their womanhood in their own society. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the three concepts of women in different societies – gender, oppression, and ideology. Women are made only for men. This is the usual perception towards women in the past. Gender is always been an issue for women’s status in the society. They have many limitations because of their gender. Women are known to be weaker than men because of the society’s perspective in history. Life for women is simple and basic for the whole nation but for women’s own situation, it is more complex and complicated because they have no freedom. For this reason, most women used to stay at home even if they have attained a certain degree of knowledge. After graduating in college, they will marry their man and stay at home – developing their sense of womanhood at home. Women are created to be the wife and mother of their family – no more and no less. In this procedure, it can be said that women’s gender has its own limitation in the society. It only means that they could not able to go beyond their limit such as serving the whole country. They are ‘imprisoned’ into their homes to serve their family – alone. These are only basic implications of women’s gender in the society but in Tamil, it more than expected. â€Å"Gender issues surrounding nations and nationalism are perhaps most clearly articulated at times of war, when bodies become the sites of conflict. The masculinization of war and citizenship has been recognized as being intimately connected, with the exclusion of women from the military crystallizing in their exclusion from citizenship (Segaram, 2001). Because they are also part of the war, women wanted to help hasten the freedom against colonialism. They are eager to serve their country and fight for their freedom. However, it is not accepted in the society seeing women being part of the battle. They can be there to be the healer of men but they could not be part of men’s batt leground. The main reason why women could not show their support for freedom in this aspect is because they are women. They are weaker and would not create clear focus and yet they may become the niche of losing. Women’s status in the society is always been a negative perspective. Because of this, women could not able to empower themselves and keeping their identity as weaker and dependent to men. Women’s gender is a deprivation of their freedom to walk straight and show the world that they could also make changes. Women are always left in their homes to nurture their children but they could not able to nurture their selves. Through this, many women suffer from psychological defects when it comes to their liberty and social interaction. Instead of empowering their hearts and minds, women are feebler and tend to depend on their partners for their needs. However, in society today, women wanted to change the notion of gender inequality. They are showing their freedom and independence to their society through working. There are also times when women are making money while their partner is the one nurturing their children. From this case, it can be said that that status of women is trying to make changes and equality to men when it comes to the needs of the society. On the other way around, oppression is a manifestation of social inequality. It lies within the issue of gender. Oppression is also an effect of gender deprivation of the society towards women. Once there is a social inequality, there is a form of oppression. Women’s oppression may exist everywhere – physical, mental, emotional, and even in literature, women is also being oppressed. Once a woman’s identity is used for personal purpose that is negative for women’s depiction in the society, it can be called as oppression. It only means that the concept of oppression is merely a complicated and hard deconstruction of women empowerment and social identity. â€Å"Ruling class women were increasingly treated as one more possession of a male controller of the surplus, valued as an ornament, a source of sexual pleasure or as a breeder of heirs. They would be protected from hardship and external dangers, but also cocooned from any interaction with the wider social world (Harman, 2002). † When a woman is controlled by a man with objection in the side of the woman, there is a simply a form of oppression. It shows that everything that is a form of hostility against women is oppression and it is shown in different parts of the world. Social inequality, discrimination, condemnation, and sexual objectivism are forms of oppression that women continue to experience from the history until now. Oppression is usually experienced of women in the third world countries. They were being oppressed by their partners and authorities. They experience this form of threat because they are voiceless and helpless. Women in these societies tend to become quiet for truth because they are afraid in the possible outcome of their ‘ideal justice. ’ Every woman who experience oppression is incapable of showing herself in front of others. She could not able to define her identity because she is treated as an object by her environment. Because of this, women’s perspective against this issue is more on the ideal side because most probably than not, they will experience this sense of inequality in their society. Another concept that affects women the most is ideology. Women have idealistic and observational based knowledge. They have the capability to work for the needs of the people around them especially for their family. According to research, women are more strategic than men especially in the third world countries. Women in these countries took all the burden right through their arms. Their partners may live them and find their own luck with the arms of others but these women who are mothers of 5-12 children could be able to feed all of them. Women have goals and purpose whenever they enter a certain situation or circumstances. In comparison to men, women would be able to accept their defeat and work harder but men would probably stop from doing his responsibilities once he experience defeat and failure. When a woman entered a situation, she has the guts to kneel to her authority and be with her partner. It exists in the aspect of religion. When a couple has different religion, the woman will bow down and accept the religion of her partner. This is a usual case for women who are part of religious countries like India. It can be said as a form of ideology because women believed in the sense of acceptance and survival. Women are more prone to adjustment that give them the capability create more ideas and perspectives in every situation. â€Å"The ideology of communalism plays around the game of numbers. It goes on to assert that the population of minorities is on the rise due to more wives and children of Muslims. And this will result in this Hindu Rashtra being converted to Islamic country (Puniyani, 2005). † However, more often than not, the society will dictate where a woman must go when it comes to religious issues. Therefore, woman’s ideology becomes a social or communal ideology. In conclusion to this, it can be said that women’s gender, oppression, and ideology are interrelating factors that deals with the trend and pattern of society’s perspective towards women. Gender will define the status of a person in the society. If she is a woman, more or less, she will experience certain oppression within her environment but through the depiction of ideology whether personal or communal will give a woman the capability to strengthen her use and status in her country. Life as a woman is a continuous battle against social oppression and inequality. There is always a need for armor and logical justifications of facts and evidences to make the status of women elevate to the next position. As time passes by, women’s status emerged to a better situation but there is always a challenge beyond everything. Women need to face the different social threats and disabilities to show her dignity and pride in her field. The purpose of each woman today is to make a change for the survival of women in the traditional society that deals with discrimination and social destruction.

Raffles Hotel Marketing Communications

Assignment #4 Observation Report A: Describe one on-the-job problem of issue encountered and how it was resolved. I first encountered this problem two weeks into my internship with Raffles Hotel Marketing Communications. After my orientation week, it was finally time for me to take on projects on my own and start communicating with some of the clients and media the department would follow up from time to time. One of the projects that I was tasked was to prepare the Arabic version of Raffles Hotel’s fact sheet for the Saudi Arabia sales trip that the Director of Sales and Marketing will be doing at the end of the week.This request came in as a last minute project as there were several delays in the process of translation and positioning of the facts and information. In what limited time I had, it does seem that I would not be able to complete to the fact sheet in time due to the constant delays from the Translation Company and external help that took quite some time to get bac k to me. Time wasn’t on my side and I knew I cannot afford to mess up this project. That was when I decided to adopt one of the many values that Raffles Hotel believes in – taking ownership of guest requests.Instead of sitting around waiting for things to happen and emails to be replied, I decided that it was time for me to take action and get what needs to be done, done. The issue was eventually resolved after I made personal trips around the hotel, asking for help from colleagues from various departments that have knowledge in the Arabic language. I managed to prepare the Arabic fact sheet of Raffles Hotel in time for the Saudi Arabia sales trip and have shown my managers that I am someone they can trust to get things done on time and to the best of my abilities.

Religion Gives Meaning to Life Essay

Pojman’s conclusion is that religion gives life meaning, whereas a secular life is not significant to the way we view our world. He argues that autonomy is freedom with no restrictions and religion gives meaning and purpose to life, even though there are some sacrifices to our freedom. He says there has to be an explanation to how our world came to be and that our world comes from something much bigger than any of us can wrap our head around. Pojman gives such detail and description in the way that he argues his conclusion. He says that autonomy is like having one-hundred autonotoms, one-hundred percent freedom; no restrictions, and religion is like having ninety-five autonotoms, ninety-five percent freedom; minimal restrictions which refer to our morals and ethics. If your autonomical you allow your life to fill up with a poisonous gas that will kill you sooner rather than later. If you live religiously, you are allowing your life to be filled with sunshine. Religion gives us a solid idea of how the world came to be. God created the universe and created man to live on the earth until we all ascend to heaven. Autonomy as many different theories. The big bang theory or just something that appeared by chance. We have meaning and someone behind us who is willing to give us the most of this life. The world has to be balanced in order to function. Good and evil balance it out. God is good, He is here to guide us and lead us to the life after this. Evil is what tries to pull us back and create this idea that we are superior to everyone and everything else, which creates chaos. Pojman’s meaning to life is, â€Å" God loves and cares for us, so that we have a deeper motive for morally good actions, including high altruism. We live deeply moral lives, not out of fear of hell, but out of deep gratitude to One who loves us and whom we love†. I believe Pojman argues his conclusion very well. He uses scriptures to prove his point and he uses personal experiences that most people have experience as well. He compares religion and autonomy equally and knows what he is talking about. He knows how to describe each so that the reader can put themselves in that position. He is very detailed, yet to the point.

Discussion Board 2-2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board 2-2 - Assignment Example According to the four stage response cycle of Masters and Johnson, women are usually ready for re-arousal at the resolution phase and may need continuation of sexual intercourse. Men on the hand tend to face difficulty in attaining sexual re-arousal after resolution phase (Rathus, Nevid & Fitchner-Rathus, 2014). This disparity may leave some women feel sexual dissatisfaction from their male partners. Having such understanding can help counselors to advice men facing criticism from their female sexual partners for not satisfying sexual needs of the latter. With the understanding, counselor can educate criticized men to practice holding their ejaculation by temporarily stopping sexual intercourse to allow their mates time to attain orgasm. When attaining plateau phase as contained in the four stage response cycle of Masters and Johnson, vagina of women depict preparedness to receive penis by contracting to cause erogenous feeling on penis (Rathus, Nevid & Fitchner-Rathus, 2014). The vagina also becomes wet to signalize lubrication of the pathway for entrance of penis. When at the plateau phase, men on the other side tend to produce seminal fluids that appear at the tip of penis. In addition, the coral ridge around the penis also expands in circumference. Understanding such concepts can help counselors train couples about proper timing as to when to begin intercourse to drive maximum

The final paper for ukrainian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The final paper for ukrainian - Essay Example Ukraine hoped to would become a member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and European Union (EU). However, Ukraine has never fulfilled these expectations. From the year 2000 to the Orange revolution that occurred in 2004, the per capita GDP of Ukraine rose as compared to the GDP of its neighboring countries. The GDP rose from 61% to 68% (DeBardeleben and Crina 67). However, Ukraine’s GPD in 2013 declined precipitously. Notably, Ukraine’s economy was in recession in 2013. This recession has been noted to have increased in 2014 where the economy of Ukraine has experienced a 7% to 10% drop. This abrupt crisis is associated with the falling of average income and decline in the real GDP of Ukraine. The crisis is best evident in the collapse of the Ukrainian currency and the reduction of its foreign currency reserve. Notably, if a country’s currency collapses and there is little foreign exchange reserve obtainable, the crisis will escalate swiftly. However, since the beginning of this year, the Ukrainian currency has dropped by 20% in relative to the US dollar. This means that there is rising inflation for all the imported goods, less investment by businesses located in Ukraine, slower economic growth as less consumption spending by the Ukrainians. The collapse of the currency also means that the Ukrainian central bank has to raise the domestic interest rates. The rise in the domestic interest rates will slow the economy as the domestic investment and consumption decline further. The raising of the rates will decipher into slow direct foreign investment into the country. The collapse of Ukrainian currency is worsened by the loss if foreign currency reserve. Notably, foreign exchange is needed for making payments on bonds to the foreign investors

Making monstor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Making monstor - Essay Example This book addresses current issues, personal observation, and photographs that make readers be interested on the subjects of psychopathology, true crime, and serial killers. This book looks at the issues and controversies that are seen in the study of morality. The book then looks at the psychological processes that are involved such as motives and mechanisms underlying moral hypocrisy and immoral behavior. Other chapters in this book look at the aspects of good and evil, including the implication of moral thinking in cases of large scale violence and genocide. In this book, Adam Morton argues that any account of evil helps in understanding why evil usually arises in everyday life, why evil arises, and how people can be seen as evil. The book utilizes diverse examples like Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Augustine, and other psychological studies that deal with profiles of serial killers and that look at deviant behaviors. Adam argues that evil comes when the internal mental barriers against it breaks down. This is a story of a dyslexic boy who discovers that he is a son of a Greek God who is the target of mythical Greek monsters. He finds himself in the middle of a prophesy, that he will be able to change the balance of power forever. This book starts with looking at the unforgettable 9/11 attack in the United States and in the second edition looks at why people act in a monstrous way by looking at the proximate and the ultimate levels of analysis. Bargh, John. "The Cognitive Monster: The case against tthe controllability of automatic stereotype effects." Dual-process theories in social psychology (1999): Pg. 361-382. Internet Source. http://www.yale.edu/acmelab/articles/Bargh_1999_Cog_Monster.pdf Schmideberg, Melitta. "Psychological Factors Underlying Criminal Behavior." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (n.d.): Pg. 458-476. Internet source.

Post traumatic stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Post traumatic stress - Essay Example The current state of literature suggests that numerous events and factors can trigger posttraumatic stress in children, from a minor physical injury to earthquakes and wars. Psychological treatment has a potential to reduce the symptoms and complications of posttraumatic stress in children. The current state of empirical literature suggests that a whole range of factors and events can trigger the development of posttraumatic stress experiences in children. Dozens of studies confirm that children are particularly vulnerable to the risks of PTSD. Aaron, Zaglul and Emery (1999) explored posttraumatic stress in children after acute physical injury. The researchers interviewed forty children 8-17 years old and concluded that many children hospitalized with physical injuries met diagnostic criteria for PTSD (Aaron et al, 1999). In a similar vein, Thabet and Vostanis (1999) analyzed posttraumatic symptoms investigating Palestinian children who suffered the emotional effects of war. War was found to heavily contribute to the development of posttraumatic experiences in Palestinian children: 72.8% of children in the sample reported posttraumatic reactions to war traumas (Thabet & Vostanis, 1999).

Development, impacts, implications of a contemporary political movment Essay

Development, impacts, implications of a contemporary political movment for change (Environmentalism) - Essay Example The beginnings of an environmental crisis which looms large over the world can perhaps be traced to the Industrial Revolution in Europe which led to natural resources being used, often indiscriminately, for the purpose of scientific progress (Reynolds, A Brief History of Environmentalism, n.dd). At a parallel level, European colonies in Asia, Africa and Latin America were also subjected to much ecological damage for industrial growth. Though Henry David Thoreau pioneered environmentalist thinking in the USA, it was John Muir who laid the foundation of the Sierra Club in 1892 through which the government received ample financial aid for it to undertake wilderness conservation measures (Reynolds, n.d.). The emergence of environmental activists such as Wangari Mathai from Kenya shows that environmental concerns cannot be divorced from an engagement with the imbalances of power engendered by colonialism. In contemporary times ecocriticism has become an integral part of most academic disc iplines. It has been particularly influential in the field of postcolonial studies where scholars have found a close connection between the discursive and economic power wielded by the West and the environmental damage inflicted by Western nations upon the nations of the Third World. The first breakthrough in American environmentalism came with Rachel Carson’s work Silent Spring (1962) which spoke of the impact of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), a commonly used pesticide on the environment. The work created immediate controversies and numerous American industrialists clamoured for its ban, accusing the author of baseless indictments. However, the work caused enough stir for President John F Kennedy to order a thorough investigation into its claims. The research revealed the hugely detrimental effect that DDT had not merely upon the physical environment but also on human health since it was commonly used as an agricultural pesticide. Following this the use of DDT was ba nned in the USA (Lear x-xi). This is an important episode in the history of environmentalism for it fortified American environmentalist movement besides proving the efficacy of protest movements led by seemingly politically disempowered individuals against multinational conglomerates. It is a sad fact that even today, several countries continue to use DDT and many such pesticides. These continue to affect the lives of millions of people and their health even today. The reasons for this can be traced to the lobbying power of the corporate firms that produce these pesticides and the lack of civic action on the part of the citizens of these nations. This can be remedied to an extent through the spread of awareness of environmental issues. In short, the issue of environmentalism needs to extend its reach to these nations in order for it to be an effective tool. In the 1970s began the era of international cooperation on the subject of ecological conservation, the manifestation of which w as the Earth Summits summoned by the United Nations. The first among these was held in Stockholm in 1972 and was titled â€Å"UN Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm† (â€Å"Earth Summit,† The United Nations Official Website n.p.). These forums of international debate and discussion have laid bare not merely the urgent need to incorporate the

What Do I Have to Offer This College Family Essay Example for Free

What Do I Have to Offer This College Family Essay Upon choosing this topic I pondered, what next? I sat in front of my PC deliberating what direction I wanted this piece to go in, and what impression I wanted to give my future alma mater’s admissions of myself and then it struck me. The point of this essay is not to paint an illusion of myself to you, but, to show you what I have to offer as a unique individual. Marrianne Williamson in her book, â€Å"Return to Love† and I quote, wrote, â€Å"Our greatest fear is not that we are inadequate, but that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness that frightens us. We ask ourselves, who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, handsome, talented and fabulous? Actually, who are you not to be? † I first stumbled upon this quote during one of my times of feeling deeply insignificant among my high school population. I decided that constantly feeling as though you are insignificant leads to you becoming insignificant. I am a believer that the mind is a very powerful thing and I plan to use this belief a self confidence to encourage those around me to do nothing but their best because the minute you start believing your worst is your best, it in fact becomes the best you can do. Academically, I am well rounded. I have over the years gained all the necessary basic knowledge to excel in any subject I decide to work at. I study well in groups and have always had a love for tutoring; as such during and after high school I took the responsibility of tutoring my younger sister and her friends at the primary level. Throughout high school I also tutored my friends in order to ensure that leisure time was not affected by poor academics. The passion for helping those in need, has become a part of who I am and I intend to use this to help those around me if I am accepted into the university. I am extremely confident a team player, athletic and energetic young woman and I have dreams of one day helping everyone around me see that they too can be apart of this world holding only a positive outlook for their lives and being calculative about consequences. I am trained as a peer councillor and intend to use my skills for self upliftment as well as the maintaining of the mental well being of those I encounter in my tenure at this prestigious university. It would be unlike me to not mention my rich Jamaican heritage as one of the things I have to offer this university. Cultural diversity is one of the many things that make university life worthwhile and I am no doubt endowed with a mixture of cultures; as the Jamaican culture has evolved to included aspects of cultures of people from all walks of life. I hope I have given you a good enough idea of what I have to offer this institution, but I assure you this is just the tip of the ice berg. I also have no doubt that I will not be a silent student as I intend to be a production member of the university family. As we say in Jamaica â€Å"Wi likkle but wi tallawah†, meaning big things come in small packages.

Education reform in the United States

Education reform in the United States Yasmine Calderon Education Education reform in the United States is a primary goal for Congress to assist students excel and gain knowledge to survive in the growing and competitive work force. As the United States was once the leading example of Education reform, it is now 12th among other developed nations. The need for incentive programs in classrooms to prepare students for the future of higher education is in high demand. Ensuring students the future of a college education and maintaining a successful job is key to rebuilding the economy and securing bright futures for individuals. Suggested policy implementations include reforms of existing school policies, budget analysis, statistics and facts, and current stances toward the public policy. One of President Obama’s bold incentives to improve teaching and learning in the classrooms that instruct policies and strategies to achieve the goal of college readiness. To date, President Obama has opted 4 billion dollars to 19 states that help to address key areas of education reform. States serve 22 million students and employ 1.5 billion teachers in 42,000 schools representing the 45 percent of all K-12 students and 42 percent of all low income students nationwide. Setting a precedent for the future of young Americans through the Race to the Top program will help those who are challenged change policies and laws to create better college and career ready standards. (Source: www.whitehouse.gov/issues) As states begin to move progressively with education reforms the No Child Left Behind Act imposed by former President George W. Bush left five years of reauthorization overdue. States have been lowering their standards in classrooms by punishing failure over success and fitting everyone into a one-size-fits-all deal. While President Obama has issued a blueprint, Reform of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, for his incentive Congress has yet to act upon it leaving schools flexible with the law. Passing the law would then set a higher standard for high schools to achieve college readiness and careers. For states to receive that flexibility they must reward and recognize those states that make exceptionally well performance and gains while also tending to those who need help in the lowest performing schools. Under the new law states will develop and propose new plans to help improve outcomes for those groups who pose a threat in a large educational gap. Unlike the one-size-fits -all deal left from the NCLB Act states and districts can improve strategies and resources that will meet the need for student performance. Issuing more reforms for education includes the president calling for improvements to help students gain interest in math, science, engineering and technology. The Obama Administration has reached several successful STEM initiatives that includes combining it with Race to the Top and investing into the Innovation Fund while also implementing new STEM educators called Teacher Corps to further progress students in the path of a successful career. The Teacher Corps will start with a basis of 50 teachers among 50 sites and expand to 10,000 teachers over the next four years. The Obama Administration will launch the Teacher Corps with $1 billion allocated from the President’s 2013 budget request currently before Congress. Along with the President’s education reforms, the Education Amendments Act of 1972 authorized the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare to improve postsecondary education opportunities that include providing assistance to educational institutions and agencies for a broad range of reforms and innovations. The role of the bureaucracy has been otherwise noted a major debate in shaping educational performance. Proponents argue that large educational bureaucracies have contributed to shortfalls in performance in America’s public schools. Others view it as beneficial because they manage a wide range of problems that make it easier for teachers to focus on the core of teaching. The federal government totaled an amount of $141 billion on education in the 2014 fiscal year. While calculating that number is challenging, federal programs that are administered by the U.S. Department of Education appear in two separate parts of the budget and other agencies have administered large programs as well. Further measuring spending is not a straightforward deal and the government provides subsidies towards higher education in the form of tax benefits. The $141 billion figure includes annual appropriation for the U.S. Dept. of Education, spending for the department’s annual appropriations that are not subject (i.e. mandatory spending), school meal programs, the Head Start program, revenue and spending on education tax benefits for individuals and military and veterans education benefits. Since the federal government spent a total of $3.5 trillion in the 2013 fiscal year which means the $141 billion spent accounts for 4 percent of the entire federal budget. (Sources: New America Foundation; U.S. Departments of Education, Health and Human Services, Agriculture, Defense, Veterans Afffairs, White House Office of Management and Budget; Congressional Budget Office.) According to the Heritage Foundation, a conservative policy research organization and interest group, a budget presented by House Budget Committee chairmen Paul Ryan (R—Wis.) would provide $74 billion on education spending, training, employment, and social services. The Ryan budget seeks to â€Å"remove regulatory barriers to higher education that act to restrict flexibility and innovative teaching, particularly as it relates to non-traditional models such as online coursework.† Policymakers who support to enable states to have more control over college costs and futures should implement the budget. Just last year Congressman Jared Polis (D-CO) and Senators Mark Udall (D-CO) and Michael Bennet (D-CO) introduced the â€Å"Growth to Excellence Act† that would include rigorous college-and-career ready standards. A bill that would surely receive support from educational advocates. The bill is sure to represent a strong step towards providing students in America with outstanding education that will bring a forefront to the future of these individuals. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, the United States fails to educate students and prepare them for the future to come which leaves critical time for officials to address the situation. Statistics include: A recent report by ACT, a non-profit testing organization, found that only 22 percent of U.S. high school students met â€Å"college ready† standards in all of their core subjects; figures even lower for African Americans and Hispanics. The College Board reported that even among college-bound seniors, only 43 percent met college-ready standards, meaning that more college students need to take remedial courses. While according to U.S. News and World Report, nationwide the number of high school graduates is expected to grow 10 percent in the next 10 years. The northeastern states will experience declines in growth, while high school grads will grow by 24 percent in Texas and Florida. According to the Lawlor Group, trends such as demography, the power of perception, and measurement determine aspects of higher education as seen below: College enrollments will shrink from 38% to 10% over the next 8 years. High school graduates will decrease in all but 18 states in 2019. Mostly in the South you will see an increase. Most students tend to attend a college with less than $11,100 in tuition fees and think it should cost no more than $20,000. (Sources: NCES, College Board, Gallup, Federal Student Aid, Harvard Institute of Politics.) The future of American education is critical to students and individuals who want to maintain a college education. The path of every student along with a sustainable approach would benefit the economy as well. Proposed solutions such as Race to the Top, revisions of the No Child Left Behind act and the STEM program would help to further alleviate the problems posed to higher education. Of course with solutions comes fiscal responsibilities which would introduce a need for a new education budget that would most likely benefit the future of American students. A time for reform is now and policies should be implemented as soon as possible to ensure the livelihood of students and their path to a successful life.

Can Fiction be Philosophy? Essay -- Literature Papers

This paper examines the relation between philosophy and literature through an analysis of claims made by Martha Nussbaum regarding the contribution novels can make to moral philosophy. Perhaps her most controversial assertion is that some novels are themselves works of moral philosophy. I contrast Nussbaum’s view with that of Iris Murdoch. I discuss three claims which are fundamental to Nussbaum’s position: the relation between writing style and content; philosophy’s inadequacy in preparing agents for moral life because of its reliance on rules; and the usefulness of the moral work engaged in by readers of novels. The evaluation of these claims requires a discussion of the nature of philosophy. I find that Murdoch and Nussbaum agree on the ability of literature to contribute to moral understanding, but disagree on the issue of what philosophy is. Therefore, they disagree on the question of whether certain works of fiction are also works of philosophy. I argue tha t the task Nussbaum assigns philosophy is too broad. Through the use of critical and reflective methods, philosophy should examine and sort moral claims. Literary, philosophical and religious texts contribute to moral eduction; keeping them separate helps us appreciate their distinct contributions, as well as respect their distinct aims and methods. Therefore, I conclude that Nussbaum’s inclusion of certain novels in philosophy cannot be sustained. In a recent article, Richard Posner examines the notion, advanced by scholars in the law and literature movement, that "...immersion in literature ... make[s] us better citizens or better people." (1) The focus of his discussion is a set of assertions, including a number made by Martha Nussbaum, concerning the moral influenc... ...h draws the following distinctions: literature does many things, philosophy does one thing (has one aim); literature is natural, philosophy is counter-natural; literature arouses emotion, philosophy tries to eliminate emotional appeal; literature is indirect, philosophy is direct; literature has no problem to solve, philosophy seeks to solve a few technical and abstract problems; literature is concerned with aesthetic form, philosophy does not aim at formal perfection. Murdoch says that she sees "no 'general role' of philosophy in literature" (p. 242). (15) See Frank Palmer, Literature and Moral Understanding (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), chapter 8. (16) In considering what is characteristic of philosophy, I was helped by reading Derrida and Wittgenstein, by Newton Garver and Seung-Chong Lee, (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), chapter 6.